Description and Identification

With a large shell up to 15" in length, this land tortoise has a domed carapace that is marked by distinct growth rings. Coloration can be horn, orange-brown, gray-brown, dark gray, or nearly black. The underside of the shell is usually tan or yellow. The tail is short. The hind limbs are also short but rounded and thick. The forelimbs are flattened for digging and longer than the hind limbs. The forelimbs are armored with large, thick scales. The head is relatively small and rounded. In males, the gular shields of the plastron extend out underneath the throat more so then the females. This tortoise has shorter gular shields and a more narrow shell-width than the similar looking Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).

Distribution

Gopherus morafkai occurs east of the Colorado River in Arizona as well as in the states of Sonora and Sinaloa in Mexico. These tortoises occur in elevations ranging from near sea level to just over 5,000 feet. One of just four members of the Testudinidae family in North America, the desert tortoise inhabits the desert ecosystems of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Home range sizes for males can overlap multiple female ranges.

Native Habitat

The Sonoran Desert Tortoise inhabits desert ecosystems such as desert scrub, semi-desert grasslands and prefers rocky slopes and bajadas. Populations in northwestern Arizona inhabit more moderate terrain such as gentle bajadas and low valleys. Desert Tortoises construct burrows under shrubs and rocks. Desert washes are important to this species as they provide exposed banks for them to locate burrows and use the sporadic vegetation for thermal cover.

Wild Diet

Desert Tortoises are herbivores feeding on grasses, herbs, annual wildflowers, and new growth of cacti, as well as their fruit and flowers. Rocks and soil are also ingested, perhaps as a means of maintaining intestinal digestive bacteria as a source of supplementary calcium or other minerals. These tortoises are able to conserve water due to their large urinary bladder. Most of their water intake comes from the plants and cacti they consume but, during monsoon rains, they can be found drinking from pool of water. Gopher tortoises are scavengers and will also feed on small berries, fruits, carrion, and excrement.

Behavior

Sonoran Desert Tortoises are most active in Spring and Fall months. They can be found foraging or traveling between burrows, and possibly mate-seeking during dawn and dusk. They are able to live where ground temperatures may exceed 140 degrees F because of its ability to dig underground burrows to escape the heat. It is one of the most elusive inhabitants of the desert, spending up to 95% of its time under ground to escape the heat of the summer and the cold of winter. They live in burrows, which they dig themselves. These burrows can be 3-6 feet deep. They will spend November through February in a torpid or dormant state in their underground burrows.

Reproduction

Breeding can be seen during the Spring and Autumn months. During the breeding season male Sonoran Desert Tortoises will develop glands underneath the chin called, chin glands. These prominent chin glands produce a secretion which aids in sex recognition and often evokes combative behavior between males. Males will approach the female while head bobbing, he will then circle the female and few times, maybe bite at her limbs, then the male will mount the female from behind and start procreating. After some time the female will then choose either a sunny spot nearby or a sandy mound in front of her burrow to lay between 3 to 15 eggs. The eggs then hatch from 70 to 100 days later. Once hatched the baby tortoises spend most of their time in their mother's burrow until they learn to dig their own.